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What is the difference between proof of stake and proof of work?

Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are consensus mechanisms that secure blockchains. PoW, used by Bitcoin, requires miners to solve cryptographic puzzles to validate transactions, consuming high energy but ensuring strong security. PoS, used by Ethereum and Cardano, allows validators to secure the network by staking coins, making it more energy-efficient and scalable. PoS also reduces barriers to participation, as users can stake smaller amounts via staking pools. While PoW is battle-tested for security, PoS is considered more sustainable and future-ready. Both systems ensure decentralization but differ in cost, speed, and environmental impact.